PREPARING THE OFFICE ENVIRONMENT FOR RETURNING TO WORK





David Frum, FAIA, FACHA, Salus Architecture and Gail Sausser, Simpler Consulting



Architects were moving toward more open office environments before COVID-19. It is now estimated that about 70% of offices in the United States have some form of open plan. Additionally, the cost of space and rapid growth of staff has driven some businesses to densely crowd workstations into buildings. But it isn’t just workspaces that are crowded, as workers are also subject to crowding in small break rooms and coffee areas. Unfortunately, there are multiple studies showing widespread COVID-19 spread in people kept in close proximity to each other for significant periods of their working day.


Long term building design will likely change to accommodate a greater opportunity to work in a place designed to reduce the spread of airborne infection. In the meantime, during this critical period, we have listed some simple design strategies to reduce infection. We have grouped these into three categories: building design elements, mechanical systems and administrative policies.



Building, Furniture and Design Elements



  • Automatic Power Doors: Research has indicated that changes, such as the addition of automatic doors, can greatly reduce the spread of disease between employees from door handles.


  • Workstation Separation: Adding workspace dividers that are clear sneeze guards and spacing workstations at least 6-feet apart helps maintain social distancing. You can also stagger workstations to add separation.


  • Signal Social Distance: In lobbies and waiting lines, designate 6-foot spacing marks and designate the number of people who can enter at any one time. (Some carpet manufacturers already offer products with social distance markings.)


  • Shell Spaces: Some facilities have reserved unfinished space for future moves, and this space can now allow a greater separation for current staff returning to work. Alternately, such spaces can be used for itinerant workers or for staff who work only part time, allowing others to spread out and maintain consistent colleagues.


  • Antibacterial Gels: Businesses need to not only increase cleaning, but support employee hand hygiene through the convenient placement of antibacterial gels. These can be placed in all elevator lobbies, near entrances and exits, as well as other high touch locations.


  • Safer Pathways: To prevent crowding and cross flow in entry and exit pathways, you may want to consider separate pathways for entering and exiting. Additionally, by staggering arrival and departure times, you are reducing entrance and elevator traffic.


  • Safer Surface Materials: “The counter at the office kitchenette, conference tables and conference room chairs… [are] surfaces [that] can be treated or made with anti-microbial properties which have the ability to kill any microbes that are transmitted by human contact to the surface. Silver and copper are two materials with anti-microbial properties that many manufacturers are using to treat surfaces. They can even be woven into various fabrics that may be used to upholster chairs and other frequently touched surfaces. Plastic or silicone surfaces like plastic countertops and light switches can incorporate silver or copper into the manufacturing process. Surfaces made of steel or aluminum like faucets and door handles can have these anti-microbial materials applied to the finished product as a protective coating.” Such materials are available for door and window handles as well.


  • Daylight: Exposure to daylight has been shown in microcosm studies to reduce indoor bacterial communities. It is as simple as opening blinds and encouraging breaks and lunches outdoors.



Mechanical Systems and Environmental Controls



Sensor-Activated Plumbing: Sensor-activated faucets, soap and towel dispensers reduce infection spread from physical contact.


Outdoor Air: Interior air can be diluted with outdoor air to decrease the risk of breathing infected air. “Higher outside air fractions may be achieved by further opening outside air damper positions on air-handling units, thus exhausting a higher ratio of indoor air and any airborne viral particles present.” Weather permitting, open your operable windows.


Filtered Air: Unfortunately, there is a CDC report that indicates an outbreak of COVID-19 may have stemmed from strong air conditioner flow. Cleaning ducts and adding filtration may help prevent contaminants from being recycled in the indoor air environment. , The AIA has suggested the use of portable air cleaners with HEPA filters. You can also keep HVAC systems running longer hours.


Toilet Lids and Spacing: Most commercial bathrooms do not include lids for toilets. This means that each time someone flushes, a “toilet plume” of droplets explodes into the air coating the surrounding stall. These droplets can travel six feet in every direction, including up and over a stall and into the next. Adding lids and teaching staff to close them before flushing, as well as closing off every other stall, supports safer use of bathroom facilities.



Administrative Policies and Staff Behaviors



Consulting Your Employees: Returning to work means your staff are assuming risk. Allowing staff input on these safety measures will support their compliance. Have in place guidance for your leaders to address employee concerns.


Teach Hand Washing: WHO guidance on hand washing can be taught and reminder pictures near sinks help staff perform more effective handwashing.


Social Distancing: Posting maximum capacity for rooms, such as bathrooms and kitchen areas, and applying “every other” desk occupancy can help reduce exposure


Consistent Pairing: If you must work closely with another, create a consistent pairing or small teams to reduce exposure.


Changes to Work Hours: If you lack the space to spread people out, you may want to consider shifts of different hours to use spaces that are in high demand. Such spaces may require more frequent and intensive cleaning. Other schedule changes may include staff working part time, or staggering start and end times.


Entrance: Access to hand sanitizers immediately upon arriving supports infection control. Organizations may also screen for employee temperature upon entry. Some organizations are provisioning face masks at the entrance; however, the British government’s current advice is as follows: “There are some circumstances when wearing a face covering may be marginally beneficial as a precautionary measure. The evidence suggests that wearing a face covering does not protect you, but it may protect others if you are infected but have not developed symptoms. A face covering can be very simple and may be worn in enclosed spaces where social distancing isn’t possible. The same guidance recommends against diverting actual PPE from medical professionals."


Stagger Breaks: Stagger break times to reduce pressure on break rooms, kitchens and locker rooms and clean them frequently. Use safe outside areas for breaks. Provide packaged meals or similar to avoid opening restaurants. Encourage workers to bring their own lunch and individual small cooler.


Stagger Appointments: If you must interact with customers, create arrival time spacing to reduce waiting lines and crowding.


Clean Often and Thoroughly: Maintain a high frequency of cleaning throughout the day, particularly for surfaces used often: elevator controls, door hardware, faucets, window and door handles. Deep clean bathrooms frequently, sanitizing all reachable surfaces.


Workspace Cleaning: Encourage staff to sanitize equipment: keyboards, mice, screens, computers, copiers/printers, etc., as well as work surfaces such as desks and counters.


Meetings: Although virtual meetings are best, outdoor meetings can be held with social distance. When you must meet: 1) ensure cleaning in between meetings, 2) try not to handle the same objects, 3) keep social distance and limit numbers, and 4) ventilate.


Plan B: In the event a COVID-19 outbreak occurs, there should be plans in place to trace contacts and employ health measures for those who were in proximity to the infected person (e.g., testing, sending home for a quarantine period.)



Hierarchy of Controls



The following is an adaptation of the NIOSH, CDC, and AIA hierarchy of controls framework to apply it to COVID-19 in existing office facilities.





For further helpful guidance, see https://www.gov.uk/guidance/working-safely-during-coronavirus-covid-19/offices-and-contact-centres.





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